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A. Russell Flegal
Professor of Environmental Toxicology
B.A. University of California, Santa Barbara
M.A. Moss Landing Marine Laboratories
Ph.D. Oregon State University
Office: 446 PSB,
Office Hours: TTH 12:00-2:00
Email: flegal@metx.ucsc.edu
Office Phone: (831) 459-2093
Lab Phone:
(831) 459-2088
trace metal lab; (831) 459-5336 mercury lab |
Research Group: Flegal Lab
Anthropogenic perturbations of biogeochemical cycles
Geochemistry & Environmental
Toxicology
My research
is on the natural biogeochemical cycles of trace elements in the
environment and the perturbation of those cycles by anthropogenic
processes. Many of my studies investigate aquatic toxicology in
fresh water and estuarine and marine ecosystems. Others address
the toxicology of trace elements in ecosystems and humans.
The
primary focus of my research is on the biogeochemical cycle of
lead in preindustrial and contemporary environments. This includes
studies of lead cycles in the world's oceans, Mediterranean Sea,
Great Lakes, European Alps, and Antartic. Those studies involve
analyses of lead concentrations and stable isotopic compositions
in aerosols, water, sediments, and organisms. The concentration
measurements are used to quantify the magnitude of anthropogenic
perturbations, and the isotopic composition measurements are used
to identify natural and anthropogenic sources.
I am
also involved with research on the biogeochemical cycling of other
trace elements in aquatic systems. This research is focused on
the cycling of heavy metals and rare earth elements in the San
Francisco Bay estuarine system and the northeast Pacific coastal
zone. Again, this involves analyses of elemental concentrations
and isotopic compositions in aerosols, water, sediments, and organisms.
Complementary studies of sublethal toxicities are being conducted
concurrently.
Selected
Publications
Black, F.J., C.H. Conaway and A.R. Flegal. 2009. Mercury in the Marine Environment. In: Mercury in the Environment: Pattern and Process (M.S. Bank, ed.), University of California Press (in press).
Conaway, C.H., F. J. Black, M. Gault-Ringold, J. T. Pennington, F. P. Chavez, and A. R. Flegal. 2009. Dimethylmercury in coastal upwelling waters, Monterey Bay, California. Environmental Science and Technology (in press).
Luengen, A.C. and A.R. Flegal. 2009. Depletion of dissolved methylmercury by a spring phytoplankton bloom in San Francisco Bay. Limnology and Oceanography 54: 23-40.
Soto-Jimenez, M.F., F. Paez-Osuna, G. M. Scelfo, S.H. Hibdon, R. Franks, J. Aggarwal and A.R. Flegal. 2009. Persistent lead contamination in the Gulf of California Ecoregion in Mexico: Isotopic evidence of the predominance of historic emissions of leaded gasoline. Journal of Geochemical Exploration (in press).
Black, F.J., C. Gallon and A.R. Flegal. 2008. Ecological Processes: Sediment Retention and Release. In: Encyclopedia of Ecology. (Jorgensen, S.E. and B. Fath, eds.), Elsevier Ltd., pp. 3172-3179.
Conaway, C.H., F.J. Black, T.M. Grieb, S. Roy and A.R. Flegal. 2008. Mercury in the San Francisco Estuary. Reviews of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 194: 29-54.
Dunlap, C., D. Steding, R. Bouse, J. Unruh, C. Alpers, and A.R. Flegal. 2008. Anthropogenic sources of lead in the Sacramento and San Joaquin drainage basins. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 72: 5935-5948.
Gallon, C., J. Aggarwal and A.R. Flegal. 2008. Evaluation of the capacities of different sample introduction systems for the determination of Pb isotope using a multiple collector – inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometer. Analytical Chemistry 80: 8355–8363.
Flegal, A.R. 2008. Review of Ecotoxicology: A Comprehensive Treatment. Limnology and Oceanography Bulletin 17: 63-65.
Soto-Jimenez, M.F., F. Páez-Osuna, G. Scelfo, S. Hibdon, R. Franks, J Aggarawl and A.R. Flegal. 2008. Lead pollution in subtropical ecosystems on the SE Gulf of California Coast: A study of concentrations and isotopic composition. Marine Environmental Research 66: 451-458.
Black, F.J., K.W. Bruland and A.R. Flegal. 2007. Competing ligand exchange-solid phase extraction method for the determination of the complexation of dissolved inorganic mercury (II) in natural waters. Analytica Chemica Acta 598: 318-333..
Black, F.J., C. Gallon and A.R. Flegal. 2007. Ecological Processes: Sediment Retention and Release. In: Encyclopedia of Ecology. (S.E. Jorgensen, ed.), Elsevier Press (in press).
Buck, K.N., J.R.M. Ross and A.R. Flegal. 2007. A review of total dissolved copper and its chemical speciation in San Francisco Bay, California. Environmental Research 105: 5-19.
Conaway, C.H., F.J. Black, T.M. Grieb, S. Roy and A.R. Flegal. 2007. Mercury in the San Francisco Estuary. Reviews of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology (in press).
Conaway, C., J.R.M., Ross, R. Looker, R.P. Mason, and A.R. Flegal. 2007. Decadal mercury trends in San Francisco Estuary sediments. Environmental Research 105: 53-66.
Flegal, A.R., C.L. Brown, J.R.M. Ross, G.M. Scelfo, and S.H. Hibdon. 2007. Spatial and temporal variations in silver contamination and toxicity in San Francisco Bay. Environmental Research 105: 34-52.
Flegal, A.R., J.A. Davis, M. Connor, and C.H. Conaway. 2007. Sources, transport, fate, and toxicity of pollutants in the San Francisco estuary. Environmental Research 105: 1-4.
Huerta-Diaz, M., I. Rivera-Duarte, S.A. Sañudo-Wilhelmy and A.R. Flegal. 2007. Comparative distributions of size fractionated metals in pore waters sampled by in-situ dialysis and whole-core squeezing: Implications for diffusive flux calculations. Applied Geochemistry (ms. in press).
Huntley, D.L., D.L. Spielman, J. Habicht-Mauche, and A.R. Flegal. 2007. Local recipes or distant commodities? Lead isotope and chemical composition analyses of glaze paints from the Salinas Pueblos, New Mexico. Journal of Archaeological Science 34 (7): 1135-1147.
Luengen, A.C., P.T. Raimondi and A.R. Flegal. 2007. Contrasting biogeochemistry of six trace metals during the rise and decay of a spring phytoplankton bloom in San Francisco Bay. Limnology and Oceanography 52 (3): 1112-1130
Ndung'u K, Hibdon S, Flegal AR. 2007. Lead in Vinegar: Determination and Possible Sources. American Laboratory 39 (4): 30+ Suppl.
Ndung’u, K., M.A. Ranville, R.P. Franks and A.R. Flegal. 2006. On-line determination of silver in natural waters by inductively-coupled plasma mass spectrometry: Influence of organic matter. Marine Chemistry 98: 109-120.
Rankin, C.W. and A.R. Flegal. 2006. Lead in cocoa and chocolate: Rankin and Flegal respond. Environmental Health Perspectives 114 (5): A275-A276.
Soto-Jimenez, M.F., S. A. Hibdon, C. W. Rankin, A. C. Ruiz-Fernandez, F. Paez-Osuna and A. R. Flegal. 2006. Chronicling a century of lead pollution in Mexico: Stable isotopic composition analyses of dated sediment cores. Environmental Science & Technology 40: 764-770.
Conaway, C.H., R.P. Mason, D.J. Steding and A.R. Flegal. 2005. Estimate of mercury emission from gasoline and diesel fuel consumption, San Francisco Bay area, California. Atmospheric Environment 39: 101-105.
Flegal, A.R., C.H. Conaway, G.M. Scelfo, S. Hibdon and S.A. Sañudo-Wilhelmy. 2005. Factors influencing measurements of decadal variations in metal contamination in San Francisco Bay, California. Ecotoxicology 14: 1-16.
Gonzalez, A.R., K. Ndung’u, and A.R. Flegal. 2005. Natural occurrence of hexavalent chromium in the Aromas Red Sands Aquifer, California. Environmental Science & Technology 39: 5505-5511.
Rankin. C.W., J. O. Nriagu, T. A. Arowolo, K. Adebayo, and A. R. Flegal. 2005. Lead contamination in cocoa and cocoa products: Isotopic evidence of global contamination. Environmental Health Perspectives 113: 1344-1348.
Ranville, M.A. and A.R. Flegal. 2005. Silver in the North Pacific Ocean. Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems: 10.1029/2004GC000770.
Conaway, C. H., E. B. Watson, J.R. Flanders and A.R. Flegal. 2004. Mercury deposition in a tidal marsh of South San Francisco Bay downstream of the historic New Almaden mining district, California Marine Chemistry 90: 175-184.
Kurkjian, R., C. D. Dunlap and A.R. Flegal. 2004. Long-range downstream effects of urban runoff and acid mine drainage in the Debed River, Armenia: insights from lead isotope modeling. Applied Geochemistry 19: 1567-1580.
Ndung’u, K., S. Hibdon and A.R. Flegal. 2004. Determination of lead in vinegar by ICP-MS and GFAAS: Evaluation of different sample preparation procedures. Talanta 64: 258-263.
Luengen A. C., C.S. Friedman, P.T. Raimondi and Flegal A. R. 2004. Evaluation of immune responses as indicators of contamination in San Francisco Bay, Using a novel phagocytosis and phagocytic index method developed for mussels. Marine Environmental Research 57: 197-212.
Ranville, M., D. Rough and A.R. Flegal. 2004. Metal attenuation at the abandoned Spenceville copper mine. Applied Geochemistry 19: 803-815.
Sañudo-Wilhelmy, S.A., A. Tovar-Sanchez, N.S. Fisher and A.R. Flegal. 2004. Examining toxic metals in U.S. estuaries. Environmental Science and Technology 38: 34A-40A.
Tovar-Sanchez, A., S.A. Sañudo-Wilhelmy, and A.R. Flegal. 2004. Temporal and spatial variations in the biogeochemical cycle of cobalt in two estuaries: Hudson River and San Francisco Bay. Estuaries, Coastal and Shelf Science 60: 717-728.
Kurkjian, C.R. and A.R. Flegal. 2003. Isotopic evidence of the persistent dominance of blood lead concentrations by previous gasoline lead emissions in Yerevan, Armenia. Environmental Research 93: 308-315
Conaway, C. and A.R. Flegal, 2003. Toxicology. In: Macmillan Guide to Pollution. (R.M. Stapleton, P.A. Hemminger and S.L. Senecah, eds.), Macmillan Reference, New York, pp. 250-253.
Conaway, C., S. Squire, R.P. Mason, and A.R. Flegal. 2003. Mercury speciation in the San Francisco Bay estuary. Marine Chemistry 80: 199-225.
Flegal, A.R. and G.M. Scelfo. 2003. Lead: Properties and Determination. In: Encyclopaedia of Food Science, Food Technology and Nutrition, Second Edition (B. Caballero, L. Trugo and P. Finglas, eds.), Academic Press, London, pp. 3477-3482.
Ndung’u, K., Franks, R.P. ,Bruland K.W. and A.R. Flegal. 2003. Organic complexation and total dissolved trace metal analysis in estuarine waters: comparison of solvent-extraction graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometric and chelating resin flow injection inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometric analysis. Analytica Chimica Acta 481: 127-138.
Sañudo-Wilhelmy, S.A. and A.R. Flegal. 2003. Potential influence of Saharan dust on the chemical composition of the Southern Ocean. Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems: 10.1029/2003GC000507.
Habicht-Mauche, J.A., S.T. Glenn, M.P. Schmidt, R. Franks, H. Milford, and A.R. Flegal. 2002. Stable lead isotope analysis of Rio Grande glaze paints and ores using ICP-MS: a comparison of acid dissolution and laser ablation techniques. Archaeometry 29: 1043-1054.
Kurkjian, R., C.E. Dunlap, and A.R. Flegal. 2002. Lead isotope tracking of atmospheric response to post-industrial conditions in Yerevan, Armenia. Atmospheric Environment 36: 1421-1429.
Roitz, J.S., K.W. Bruland, and A.R. Flegal. 2002. The biogeochemical cycling of manganese in San Francisco Bay: Temporal and spatial variations. Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science 54: 227-239.
Sañudo-Wilhelmy, S.A., K.A. Olsen, M. Yang, G.M. Scelfo, T.D. Foster and and A.R. Flegal. 2002. Trace metal distributions off the Antarctic Peninsula in the Weddell Sea. Marine Chemistry 77: 157-170.
Spinelli, G. A., A. Fisher, C.G. Wheat, M.D. Tryon, K.M. Brown, and A.R. Flegal. 2002. Groundwater seepage into northern San Francisco Bay: implications for dissolved metals budgets. Water Resources Research 10.1029/2001WR000827
Squire, S., G.H. Scelfo, J. Revenaugh, and A.R. Flegal. 2002. Decadal trends of silver and lead contamination in San Francisco Bay surface waters. Environmental Science and Technology 36: 2379-2386.
Steding, D.J. and A.R. Flegal. 2002. Mercury concentrations in coastal California precipitation: Evidence of local and trans-Pacific fluxes of mercury to North America. Journal of Geophysical Research – Atmospheres 10.1029/2002JD002081
Thomas, M. A., Conaway, C. H., Steding, D. J., Marvin-DiPasquale, M., Abu-Saba, K. E., and A.R. Flegal. 2002. Mercury Contamination from Historic Mining in Water and Sediment, Guadalupe River and San Francisco Bay, CA. Geochemistry 2: 211-217.
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